The question of how to refer to the indigenous people of New Zealand is a nuanced one, deeply rooted in history, culture, and self-identification. While a simple answer might suffice for casual conversation, understanding the proper terminology is crucial for respectful discourse and accurate representation. The terms “Maori” and “Tangata Whenua” are the most widely accepted and understood, each carrying distinct historical and cultural weight.
Understanding the Terms: Maori
The term “Māori” is the most common and widely recognized name for the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. The word itself, in the Māori language (Te Reo Māori), means “normal” or “ordinary.” Historically, this self-appellation distinguished the inhabitants of Aotearoa (the Māori name for New Zealand) from the mythological beings or ancestral spirits. It was a way of asserting their identity and place in the world.
The arrival of European settlers in the 18th century led to the solidification of “Māori” as the primary identifier. Initially, early European explorers and settlers used various descriptive terms, but “Māori” became the standard, often used in official documents and common parlance. It’s important to note that “Māori” is both a singular and plural noun, and it functions as an adjective as well (e.g., “Māori culture”).
Historical Context of the Term
The use of “Māori” as a distinct identifier gained prominence in the 19th century, particularly after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. As New Zealand transitioned from a collection of tribes to a nation-state, a collective identity became more pronounced. The term “Māori” facilitated this collective identity, helping to unify diverse iwi (tribes) under a common banner in their interactions with the Crown and other settlers.
However, the historical context also includes periods where the term was used in ways that could be considered othering or patronizing by some. Early colonial narratives sometimes employed “Māori” in a way that emphasized perceived differences or exoticism. Despite these historical complexities, “Māori” has endured as the primary and most respectful term for the indigenous people of New Zealand, embraced by Māori themselves.
Modern Usage and Self-Identification
Today, “Māori” is the universally accepted term, both within New Zealand and internationally. It is used in academic, governmental, and everyday contexts. The vast majority of people of Māori descent identify with this term. It signifies a shared heritage, whakapapa (genealogy), and cultural connection to Aotearoa.
Efforts in recent decades have focused on revitalizing Te Reo Māori, the Māori language, and promoting Māori culture. This includes the increased use of Māori terms and concepts in public life, further cementing “Māori” as the correct and respectful identifier.
The Significance of Tangata Whenua
While “Māori” is the most common identifier, “Tangata Whenua” offers a deeper and more specific layer of meaning. “Tangata Whenua” translates literally to “people of the land.” This term is profoundly significant as it emphasizes the inherent connection and belonging of indigenous peoples to their ancestral territories. It speaks to a relationship with the land that predates any colonization or external claims.
“People of the Land”: A Deeper Connection
The concept of “Tangata Whenua” goes beyond mere demographic identification. It embodies a spiritual and cultural bond with the land, its resources, and its mauri (life force). For Māori, the land is not just a physical space but an ancestor, a provider, and an integral part of their identity. This deep connection is expressed through various traditions, customs, and a complex system of customary land rights.
When to Use Tangata Whenua
“Tangata Whenua” is often used in more formal or specific contexts where this deeper connection to the land is being highlighted. For example, in discussions about environmental stewardship, resource management, or historical land claims, “Tangata Whenua” can be a more appropriate and resonant term. It is also used to refer to the collective indigenous population of New Zealand as a whole, emphasizing their unique status as the original inhabitants.
It is important to note that “Tangata Whenua” encompasses all Māori. However, the term can also be used more broadly in international contexts to refer to the indigenous peoples of any land. In the context of New Zealand, it specifically refers to Māori.
Nuances and Respectful Terminology
Navigating the correct terminology requires sensitivity and an understanding of the historical and cultural significance of each term. While “Māori” is generally understood and accepted, using “Tangata Whenua” in appropriate contexts can demonstrate a deeper appreciation for indigenous identity and connection to the land.
Avoiding Outdated or Offensive Terms
Historically, various derogatory or inaccurate terms were used by settlers to refer to indigenous peoples. These terms are now considered offensive and should be avoided entirely. Examples include “natives,” “savages,” or other colonial-era labels that demeaned or dehumanized Māori. Modern discourse demands respectful and accurate language that acknowledges the humanity and inherent dignity of all people.
Self-Determination and Identity
Ultimately, the most important aspect of terminology is respecting how people choose to identify themselves. The Māori people have clearly established “Māori” as their primary collective identifier and “Tangata Whenua” as a term that speaks to their profound connection to the land. By using these terms correctly and respectfully, we acknowledge their history, culture, and ongoing presence as the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand.
The question of what native New Zealanders are called is not merely a linguistic one; it is a gateway to understanding a rich cultural heritage and a foundational aspect of New Zealand’s identity. By embracing the correct terminology, we foster respect, encourage cultural understanding, and acknowledge the enduring significance of Māori as the Tangata Whenua.